Week 6 Searching for your topic in the database

Week 6

1. Academic Search Complete

a) I searched MRSA and got 8192 results, way too many

b) I limited my search to scholarly peer reviewed journals from 2010 to 2012 and got 2891 results, still too many

c) I limited to academic journals and got 2887 results

d) I added and prevent* to my search and got 482 results

e) I limited the results to the United States and got 26 results, this is what I will work with

Descriptive:

This article provides information about my topic that is different from what I have previously found. It explores the possibility for a vaccination against MRSA. This article is written for someone with a little background information on the subject and some science background, however I believe someone without prior information could understand most of it.

Evaluative:

·      This is a peer-reviewed article that was published in an academic journal; I believe the information to correct and accurate.

·      I chose this article because it explores options of preventing MRSA that I have not previously found. It has a unique perspective and explains the antigens in a way that I can easily understand.

·      I believe this information is accurate, the resources used are clearly cited and from my knowledge of peer-reviewed articles it has been confirmed.

·      I believe this information is objective and not bias, it is scientific information that has been researched.

·      This article was published in 2011, which fits into my time frame of finding the most current information available about my topic.

Citation:

Kobayashi, S.D., and DeLeo, F.R. (2011). Between bedside and bench, A MRSA-terious enemy among us. Nature Medicine, 17, 168-169.

2. Research Question: What is MRSA?

3. Three database annotations

1. Descriptive:

This article explains the impact of overuse of antibiotics in both the medical field and in farm and agriculture. This article explains why we should be concerned about MRSA and the overuse of antibiotics is creating more antibiotic resistant infections. This is a good source for my research because it provides background information on antibiotics and how they are causing antibiotic resistant infections that are being spread through our food as well as through the community. This article is written and can be easily understood by the general public, however directed at biology teachers.

Evaluative:

·      The author of this article is a research associate involved in molecular biology at Princeton University, I find the information to be credible.

·      I chose this article because it has the background on antibiotics that the other articles I have used are lacking.

·      This article was published for biology teachers and I find it to be credible and accurate, it is well cited with current references.

·      The information is factual and objective.

·      This article was published in 2011 and fits within my scope of research.

Citation:

Stein, R. (2011). Antibiotic Resistant: A global, interdisciplinary concern, The American Biology Teacher, 73(6), 314-321. BioOne.

2. Descriptive:

This study focuses on children in hospitals carrying the MRSA bacteria. It covers children admitted into an intensive care unit over a three-year period. Children have a lower risk factor of developing MRSA than adults, however children that are hospitalized have a higher risk factor than adults. Preventing MRSA among children is a priority and precautions should be taken, as their death rate is higher than adults once they get the infection. This study was written for someone that has previous knowledge of the bacteria and has a scientific background. This study has information that was not available in previous research, by relating the bacteria to children.

Evaluative:

·      These authors are scientists that have been published in many medical journals and are found to be credible.

·      I chose this study because it has information on how MRSA effects children, while most of my research has been on adults.

·      I trust the accuracy of this information because it was published in The Oxford Textbook of Medicine , which is a credible Journal.

·      This study was conducted on children admitted to an intensive care unit of a hospital and has a view that I have not found much research on. The authors are objective and did the study over a three-year period.

·      This study was published in 2011, which fits in my scope of research for the most up to date information.

Citation:

Milstone AM, Goldner BW, Ross T, Shepard JW, Carroll KC, Perl TM. (2011).             Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus colonization and risk of subsequent infection in critically Ill children: Importance of preventing nosocomial methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus transmission, Clinic  Infectious Disease, 53(9):853-9. Faculty of 1000 Biology.

3. Descriptive:

This study focuses on people that have been hospitalized for MRSA and evaluates the were hospitalized the following year for MRSA. It showed that 114 out of 482 people had infections return within a year of the first one. The study shows that people who have MRSA are high risk to have an infection return and need to take greater precautions in prevention. This study was written for someone with a scientific background and someone that has knowledge of the bacteria. This study adds to my research by showing that people with the infection once are more likely to get it again.

Evaluative:

·      These authors have published studies in many scientific journals and are credible.

·      I chose this study because it follows people that have had this infection before and that they are more likely to get it again, which covers a point of my research that I had not covered yet.

·      The information in this study is supported by research data, and the study is cited  in other research about my topic.

·      The information is objective and based on factual documented information.

·      This study was published in 2011, which supports the current information I am looking for on my topic.

Citation:

Huang, S.S., Hinrichsen, V.L., Rupak, D., Spurchise, L, Miroshnik, I., Nelson, K., Platt, R.             (2011) Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection and hospitalization in high-risk patients in the year following detection, Plos One, 6(9):e24340. BIOSIS.

4. My experience:

In my experience in researching with specific databases, I found some easier to use than others. The Wiley database I did not like, it was hard to navigate and the interface was not very clear. BIOSIS was user friendly and I found it easy to narrow my search results down to under 50, which made my research easier. I used the feature of narrowing my search results to specific dates for this assignment, which helped in getting the most current information about my topic. The process of narrowing the searches to the United States and date ranges are things that I have not previously done and made a great difference in the result.

Week 5 Google Scholar

Google Scholar

Descriptive:

The information in this study provides information for my research in treatments that have been studied and proved effective to fight against MRSA. It is written for someone with background information on MRSA and can understand scientific terminology.

Evaluation:

·      This Journal is scientific and publishes peer reviewed journal articles, I find this information to be credible and objective.

·      I chose this information because it studied treatments for MRSA, this was a clinical study that has been referenced in other publications about MRSA.

·      I trust the accuracy of this information because the referenced materials came from credible and reliable sources, this is a primary source of a study being done for treatments.

·      I believe the information and viewpoint of this site is non-bias and written to be objective. It has factual data that is backed up by studies and research.

·      This study was published in 2006, which is current enough for the research I am doing, it provides information that is still accurate today.

Citation:

Stevens, D. L. (2006). The role of vancomycin in the treatment paradigm. Clinical Infectious    Disease, 42, S51-S57.

Interlibrary Loan Book

Descriptive:

This book goes in depth over the history of MRSA for the past 50 years. It explains how it has spread from being generally a disease found in hospitals and nursing homes to our homes through the community. It further explains how MRSA has infected the food chain due to the overuse of antibiotics in our dairy and meat products. This book is written for the general public and I found it to be credible information when compared to the other research I have done.

Evaluation:

Evaluation:

·      This book provides research information on MRSA, the author is a science journalist who writes books and for reputable science journals, medical journals, and national magazines.

·      I chose this information because it goes beyond MRSA in the hospitals and medical community, providing information on how this disease has spread to homes.

·      I trust the accuracy of this information, when it is compared to other research I have completed, it has up to date information that is clear and easy to understand.

·      I believe the information and viewpoint of this site is non-bias and written to be objective. Factual data is provided and more than one resource is used for a particular topic. It is thorough and complete information.

·      This book was published in 2010, it is up to date and provides recent research and explains the history of MRSA.

Citation:

McKenna, M. (2010). Superbug: the fatal menace of mrsa. New York: Free Press.

Week 4 Books and Wikipedia

1. Reference Section Source:

Descriptive:

·      Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of S. aureus that was discovered in the 1960’s not very long after methicillin started being used as an antibiotic.

·      50 million people worldwide are known to carry the organism, it is commonly found in the skin, nose, blood, and urine.

·      Staphylococcus (Staff) infections, which are common in hospitals are caused by MRSA

·      MRSA has increased drastically since it was discovered and in 2005 more people died from MRSA than HIV/AIDS.

·      There are two types of MRSA, CA-MRSA, community associated and HA-MRSA, health care associated.

·      CA-MRSA affects healthy people that have not been hospitalized in the past year, and causes soft tissue infections. HA-MRSA affects people in nursing homes, hospitals, and dialysis facilities, and causes blood infections and infections from surgical incisions.

·      The last line of defense against MRSA is the antibiotic vancomycin has led to a caused a new resistant bacteria vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and has caused an increase in MRSA cases.

·      MRSA acquires the gene vanA, which targets the peptide that vancomycin and other related antibiotics normally bind to which causes a genetic mutation in the cell wall and allows the bacteria to invade the antibiotic.

·      The intended audience for this article is the general public, it is written for someone with little or no science background.

·      This article connects with my research topic by providing general information about the topic and has related statistics of mortality and cases reported.

Evaluation:

·      I feel this is a reliable secondary source, it provides high quality articles that are written by experts. I feel the information found in the article is credible.

·      I chose this information because it clearly explained the basic information about my research subject and has statistics regarding deaths and cases that were not available in other sources.

·      I trust the accuracy of this information because it was obtained in a general reference book that is written by experts. It provides a list of sources that was used in writing the information, which are reliable and credible.

·      I believe the information and viewpoint of this reference is non-bias and written to be objective

·      This material is updated and reviewed often and provides a list of changes that have been made and the dates these changes were made. It was last updated in 2012 and was created in 2007.

Citation:

MRSA. (2012). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from                 http://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:2987/EBchecked/topic/1090465/MRSA

2. Circulating Section

Descriptive:

·      Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is commonly found in the nose and is the cause of skin infections, hospital infections such as catheter site infections, and pneumonia.

·      The intended audience for this article is someone with a scientific background; it would not be useful for someone without some knowledge in biology or chemistry.

·      This study provides greater detail and scientific information for my research that sources with general information does not provide.

·      This study provides information on MRSA at a cellular level.

Evaluation:

·      This book is a credible source full of research by microbiologists and well referenced.

·      I chose this book for the detailed information and studies provided that focus on detecting antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria. It provides research that previous sources did not in a more scientific approach.

·      I trust the information provided in this book because it is actual studies that were performed and is a primary source of information. All of the research in this book is cited and done by experts in the science community.

·      This book provides non-bias information that is based on actual studies; it has the viewpoint of the scientist that actually did the research. This is good information for my topic, explaining what causes MRSA.

·      It was published in 2009, which provided current and up to date information on my topic.

Citation:

Linsday, J., & Sung, J. (2009). Antibiotic resistant protocols: Second edition. (Vol. 642, pp. 3-11). New York, NY: Humana Press. Retrieved from http://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:3152/Full/doi/10.1007/978-1-60327-279-7_1?encCode=TU1JOjFfNy05NzItNzIzMDYtMS04Nzk=&tokenString=LZU/g99Po3b1USDHAHcN8A==

3. Electronic Document for Griffin

Descriptive:

·      There are an estimated 94,000 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cases reported each year, with 14% being from the community.

·      MRSA takes about 18,000 lives per year in both the community and healthcare settings.

·      According to the Center of Disease Control (CDC) MRSA is a one of the world’s most pressing health problems.

·      The most effective means of protection and to prevent spreading is to wash hands often and disinfect surfaces often in schools and other public places.

·      The primary route of transmission is person to person direct contact, keeping yourself clean and covering wounds will go a long ways in spreading this disease.

·      This document provides information that is intended for more education people, however a science background is not necessary in order to understand it.

·      This document connects to my research in showing a view towards how MRSA affects the community, what the concerns are, and possible ideas how to prevent it from spreading.

Evaluative:

·      This document is reliable and credible; it is a hearing before the Oversight and Government Reform Committee regarding the community and MRSA.

·      I chose this item because it has information on how MRSA affects the community and what the consequences are for the public.

·      I trust the accuracy of the information in this document because it is taken directly from the notes of the hearing. This document also references data from the Center of Disease Control (CDC), which would be considered a reliable source.

·      This document is somewhat biased on the issues and health concerns of the community. It is written from the actual hearing, however I believe the hearing itself relayed this information to the board emphasizing on community health concerns. This information is good for my research, having a viewpoint of the community and how MRSA affects people.

·      This information was written in 2007 which is a little out of date for the information I need, however does have some statistics that are reported from reliable sources that I find useful.

Citation:

Commitee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives. (2007). Drug resistant infections in the community: Consequences for public health (43-600). Retrieved from US Government Printing Office website: http://griffin.wsu.edu/search~S12?/gY 4.G 74/7:110-65 (Electronic resource)/gy 4.g 74/ 7 : 110- 65(electronicresource)/-3,-1,0,B/frameset&FF=gy 4.g 74/ 7 : 110- 65(electronicresource)&1,1,

Part 2 of assignment:

Citation:

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. (2003, March 06). Retrieved from             http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA

1.     What are three strengths of Wikipedia that are evident in your article?

            Provides many links to addition information and definitions that were not in other sources I have used.

            The references provides links to other possible sources for my research

            Had great background information about my topic, summarizing the cause and treatments,      providing links for additional information. It would have been a good starting point for my research.

2.     What are at three weaknesses of Wikipedia that are evident in your article?

            Having access to the many links was information overload and very time consuming.

            Does not provide much scientific information that I need for this topic.

            The information it too summarized, there is not enough detail to for it to be accurate.

Week 3 Research Topic

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1. My research question/topic is: Antibiotic resistant bacteria specifically MRSA

2. Main concepts/questions:

1.     What is an antibiotic resistant bacteria?

2.     What causes antibiotic resistant bacteria?

3.     What is the treatment for antibiotic resistant bacteria?

3. Search terms for each concept:

            1. What is an antibiotic resistant bacteria?

            Broad terms: Antibiotic, resistant, bacteria

            Narrow terms: bacteria, bacterium, bacterial, antibiotic, resistance, antibiotic

            Related terms: MRSA, AR, multi-drug, superbug, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

            Synonyms: immune, protected, unaffected, exempt, germs, microorganisms, fighting

           

            2. What causes antibiotic resistant bacteria?

            All search terms are the same as above except when searching for the cause I would 

            add:

            Related terms: Cause, contagious, basis, create, origin, foundation, created, began

            3. What is the treatment for antibiotic resistant bacteria?

            All search terms would be the same as above except when searching for the treatment I would

            add:

            Related terms: Cure, therapy, remedy, medical care, prescription, regimen

4. Three possible search terms:

            (Antibiotic or immune) and resistan* and bacteri* and mrsa

            cause* or origin and (antibiotic or immune) and resistan* and bacteri*

            treat* or cure and (antibiotic or immune) and resistan* and bacteri*

5. Explore the advanced search options:

            1. Google – Reading level, region, last updated

            2. Yahoo – Filter out adult content (safe search filter), number of results, file formats

            3. MNS – Search suggestions (can be turned off), focus your search, search history

6 & 7. Search topic by domain and select a webpage from each of those two searches and write a citation and annotation for each of the two WebPages Remember to write a description and evaluation for each annotation.

Search 1:

I used Yahoo and searched (Antibiotic or immune) and resistan* and bacteri* and mrsa. The first search was limited .org results hoping to get non-biased background information.

Evaluative:

·      The author Lisa Ko is a freelance writer and uses sources in this article that are reliable such as the Center for Disease Control and the Infectious Disease Society of America. She has a master’s degree in library and science information, and has written many articles relation to health for PBS.

·      I chose this article due the initial information available, I feel this is a good starting point of broad information that can be narrowed down and investigated further.

·      I trust this information because the sources used to gather the information for the article are known and credible.

·      The viewpoint of this article was mostly focused on how MRSA was found in raw meat in Detroit.  Even though this is not the focus of my research, the article has a good explanation as to what MRSA is and what can cause it.

·      The information was written in May of 2011, so it is recent enough for my needs of finding out what a antibiotic resistance bacteria is.

Citation 1:

Ko, L. (2011, May 24). 5 things you need to know about... MRSA the superbug . Retrieved from 

      http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/five-things/mrsa-the-superbug/9412/

Search 2:

I used Yahoo and searched (Antibiotic or immune) and resistan* and bacteri* and mrsa. This search was limited to .gov results hoping more in-depth information on research of MRSA.

Evaluation:

·      This website is maintained by the United States governments Department of Health and employees, it contains general information meant for the general public. I believe this is credible information, due to the references used being scientists and research documents.

·      I chose this information because it clearly explained definitions, showed examples, and has detailed information about what I am researching. It also confirmed information found in the previous source.

·      I trust the accuracy of this information because the referenced materials came from credible and reliable sources, such as scientists and it is a government site meant for information for the public.

·      I believe the information and viewpoint of this site is non-bias and written to be objective. It has factual data that is backed up by studies and research.

·      This material is updated and reviewed often and shows recent articles from and clearly states these dates. The latest review was April 2011 and update May 2012, this fits in the time frame of information I am seeking.

Citation 2:

Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease.

      (2011). Antimicrobial drug resistance. Retrieved from website: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics

      /antimicrobialresistance/Pages/default.aspx